Simple breast cysts can be reliably differentiated from solid masses using ultrasound by looking for three classic features: a smooth thin wall, a completely anechoic (echo-free) interior, and distal…
Accurately measuring enhancement is critical for distinguishing a benign cyst from a solid neoplasm on CT. The Rule: True enhancement requires an increase of >20 HU from the unenhanced to the…
Papillary RCCs have a very distinct imaging appearance compared to the more common clear cell subtype. Enhancement: They are classically hypovascular . On a multiphasic CT, they often enhance less…
Simultaneous dilatation of both the common bile duct (CBD) and the main pancreatic duct (MPD) strongly suggests an obstructing lesion in the pancreatic head or ampulla. Malignant Stricture: Look for…
Autoimmune Pancreatitis (IgG4-related disease) is the great mimicker of pancreatic carcinoma, but unnecessary resection can be avoided by spotting its classic findings: Morphology: Diffusely…
Differentiating common primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms requires combining morphology with patient demographics. Serous Cystadenoma: Older women; microcystic, lobulated mass. Pathognomonic central…
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) aka folliculin gene-associated syndrome, is a rare genetic condition caused by mutations in the FLCN gene. Unlike other cystic diseases, BHD has a strong preference for the lower…
In young smokers (20s-30s), PLCH follows a unique "nodule-to-cyst" evolution. It begins as centrilobular nodules in the upper lobes that eventually cavitate into thick, then thin-walled cysts. The…
In Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD), there is a well-documented inverse relationship between the severity of renal cystic disease and congenital hepatic fibrosis. Neonates…
Renal vein thrombosis must be suspected in a dehydrated or polycythemic neonate presenting with hematuria and a palpable flank mass. Ultrasound is diagnostic, showing a large, echogenic kidney .…
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